Oceanologia No. 40 (1) / 98
Contents
Papers
Communications
Papers
A water Raman extinction lidar system for detecting thin oil spills:
preliminary results of field tests
Oceanologia 1998, no. 40 (1), pp. 3–10
Jacek Piskozub, Violetta Drozdowska, Mirosław Irczuk
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Keywords: Lidar, Remote sensing, Oil spills
Manuscript received January 23, 1998, in final form February 26, 1998.
Abstract
A new FLS–UV lidar system using the extinction of the laser-induced water
Raman signal for detecting thin oil slicks on the sea surface was employed.
The system uses a solid state laser with frequency multiplication and an array
of photomultipliers to measure oil film thicknesses in the 0.5–10 µm
range. The system was tested during two cruises of r/v `Oceania´ in the
southern Baltic in May and September 1997. The first experimental results are
presented and the system's possibilities and limitations are discussed.
Selected physical properties of Baltic crude oil
Oceanologia 1998, no. 40 (1), pp. 11–25
Adam Stelmaszewski
Physics Department, Maritime Academy, Gdynia
Keywords: Baltic Sea, Crude oil, Mass decrease, Density, Viscosity
Manuscript received January 12, 1998, in final form February 17, 1998.
Abstract
Selected physical properties of Baltic crude oil describing
its behaviour during spills on water surfaces have been investigated.
The temperature relationships of the density and dynamic viscosity
coefficient of fresh crude oil in the 0–35 oC range are presented.
The linear decrease in crude oil density and exponential decrease
in its dynamic viscosity coefficient
with increasing temperature were confirmed.
Using these data, the mean activation energy of crude oil particles
was determined (0.27 eV). The results of investigations into mass
and viscosity variations during crude oil evaporation are given.
The variations in mass, density and dynamic viscosity coefficient
are described using power functions. The dependence of crude oil
layer thickness on the rate of oil evaporation was examined:
the results indicate that the greatest changes occur during the first 20 hrs
of evaporation.
Carotenoid pigments in Baltic Sea sediments
Oceanologia 1998, no. 40 (1), pp. 27–38
Maria Łotocka
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Keywords: Carotenoids, Pigment biomarkers, Sediment, Baltic Sea
Manuscript received March 16, 1998, in final form March 31, 1998.
Abstract
Carotenoid pigments were examined in vertical profiles of Baltic
sediments in early summer (June 1994). High-performance liquid
chromatograms (HPLC) displayed high concentrations of carotenoids
in an anoxic environment in cores from the Gotland Basin, Bornholm
Deep and Gdansk Deep. Cyanobacterial pigments were found to be
present in the surface sediments of the Gdansk and Bornholm Deeps.
Dinoflagellate and diatom carotenoids were the major contributors of
pigments in the Gotland Basin. Carotenoids were used as biogenic
indicators of the diagenesis of organic matter and the condition of
Baltic Sea sediments.
The influence of marine and lacustrine humic substances on the
accumulation of cadmium by the Baltic mussel Mytilus trossulus
Oceanologia 1998, no. 40 (1), pp. 39–49
Joanna Kożuch, Janusz Pempkowiak
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Egil Gjessing
Adger College, Kristiansand, Norway
Keywords: Mytilus trossulus, Cadmium, Accumulation,
Marine humic substances, Lacustrine humic substances
Manuscript received February 4, 1998, in final form March 4, 1998.
Abstract
The accumulation of cadmium by the Baltic mussel Mytilus trossulus
in the presence of marine and lacustrine humic substances (HS) was
investigated under laboratory conditions. The tested organisms were exposed
to Baltic Sea water (salinity 7.0 PSU, pH 7.85) spiked with cadmium
(50 µg Cd l -1) and humic substances (6.0 mgHS l -1),
isolated from either marine (6 sampling sites) or lacustrine (8 sampling sites)
environments. Experiments were carried out at a constant seawater temperature
of (10oC±1oC). The exposure time was 21 days.
On average, the humic substances, a fraction of naturally occurring organic
matter, were found to stimulate cadmium accumulation in the mussels.
Lacustrine humic substances stimulated cadmium uptake to a lesser extent
than the marine ones. Cadmium was accumulated preferentially in the
hepatopancreas, and to a smaller extent in the gills and muscles, regardless
of the presence, properties and origin of the humic substances. However,
the effect was modified by the dissimilar physical and chemical properties
of the substances, which were related to their place of origin.
Phytoplankton and water masses in the European subarctic Polar Front zone
Oceanologia 1998, no. 40 (1), pp. 51–64
Daniel Markowski
Department of Oceanography, Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia
Józef Wiktor
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Keywords: Phytoplankton, Arctic, Water masses, Polar front
Manuscript received January 26, 1998, in final form March 9, 1998.
Abstract
Phytoplankton and hydrological data were collected
during the Greenland Sea Project between 74o and 76oN,
13o and 20oE, in July 1988 and 1991. The water masses
were very different with regard to their hydrology in the two years,
especially with regard to the displacement of the frontal
zone. The phytoplankton community was similar in both years,
however. Multivariate analyses have not shown any
significant relationship between phytoplankton abundance,
salinity, nutrients and temperature. It was assumed that the
water mass as a single, comprehensive system influences
phytoplankton occurrence, and its origin determines the
phytoplankton recorded in the frontal zone.
Communications
Chlorophyll a and its derivatives in deep Baltic sediments
Oceanologia 1998, no. 40 (1), pp. 65–69
Grażyna Kowalewska
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Boris Winterhalter
Department of Surficial Geology, Geological Survey of Finland,
Espoo, Finland
Joanna Konat
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Keywords: Chlorophyll a, Chlorins, Deep sediments, Baltic Sea
Manuscript received January 13, 1997, in final form January 23, 1997.
Abstract
Deep sediments (to 660 cm) from the Baltic Sea, collected
in 1996–1997, were analysed for content of chlorophyll a
and its immediate derivatives (chlorins: phaeophytin,
pyrophaeophytin, phaeophorbides and steryl chlorin
esters) using the diode-array HPLC method. These
compounds were generally well preserved. The
concentrations of both particular and total chlorins
varied greatly depending on the sediment layer and were
surprisingly high in some cases, comparable to
concentrations in contemporary Baltic sediments (0–1 cm layer).