Abstracts of Papers by Jacek Piskozub

Abstracts of my papers:

Title: Investigation of marine aerosol with multifrequency lidar

Authors: Zielinski Andrzej; Piskozub Jacek; Irczuk Miroslaw; Zielinski Tymon

Journal: Proc. SPIE Vol. 1936, p. 213-222, Applied Laser Radar Technology, Gary W. Kamerman; William E. Keicher; Eds.

Publication Date: 10/1993

Abstract:

Results of preliminary measurements of aerosol concentrations and fluxes in the coastal zone above Gdansk Bay arepresented. The measurements were carried out by means of the lidar system FLS-12 from the coast of South Baltic in Sopot and Hel, from June to November 1992. Using lidar data the authors calculated height profiles of particle concentrations. Also, the influence of wind speed on particle fluxes and total particle mass were investigated.
Title: Multifrequency lidar in atmospheric studies: solution of the inverse problem for two models of marine aerosol

Author: Piskozub Jacek

Journal: Proc. SPIE Vol. 1936, p. 223-232, Applied Laser Radar Technology, Gary W. Kamerman; William E.Keicher; Eds. Publication Date: 10/1993

Abstract:

A discussion of the multifrequency lidar inverse problem in aerosol research is given. Two models of marigenic aerosol are described for water and water/salt aerosol ensembles. The Tikhonov functional solution method of the inverse problem forboth models is described. The algorithms for calculating the values of the scattering medium optical parameters and the size-distribution functions of the aerosol are discussed. The numerical simulations done to test the inverse problem solution algorithms are described and a short discussion of the results is given.
Title: Estimation of kinetic coefficients describing marine aerosol by means of a lidar method

Author: Zielinski Tymon, Piskozub Jacek, Zielinski Andrzej

Journal: J. Aerosol. Sci., Vol. 24, Suppl.1, 425. Publication Date: 10/1993

Abstracts: No available
Title: Short-life fluorescence as an indice of chlorophyll 'a' concentration

Authors: Hapter Ryszard; Piskozub Jacek; Kaczmarek Slawomir; Ostrowska Miroslawa

Journal: Proc. SPIE Vol. 2048, p. 11-19, Underwater Light Measurements, Hans-Christian Eilertsen; Ed.

Publication Date: 12/1993

Abstract:

Fluorescence profiles were measured together with water samples taken in three expeditions to Norwegian Sea between 1988 and 1991. Chlorophyll concentration values obtained for the samples with a spectrophotometric method were used to recalibrate the fluorescence profiles to chlorophyll units.
Title: Multifrequency lidar inverse problem in atmospheric aerosol studies for simple marigenic aerosol models",

Authors: Piskozub Jacek

Journal: Ocanologia 28, pp. 69-76.

Publication Date: 1990

Abstract:

The multifrequency lidar inverse problem in aerosol research is discussed. Two models of marigenic aerosol are presented for water and water/salt aerosol ensembles. The Tikhonov functional solution method of the inverse problem for bth models is described. The algorithms for calculating the values of the scattering medium optical parameters and the size-distribution functions of the aerosol are discussed. The numerical simulations performed to test the inverse problem solution algorithms are described and a brief discussion of the results is given.
Title: Solution of multifrequency lidar inverse problem for a pre-set marine aerosol size-distribution formula

Author: Piskozub Jacek

Journal: Proc. SPIE Vol. 2222, p. 250-255, Atmospheric Propagation and Remote Sensing III, Walter A. Flood; Walter B. Miller; Eds. Publication Date: 06/1994

Abstract:

A solution of the inverse problem concerning finding aerosol size distribution for a multifrequency lidar system working on a small number of wavelengths is proposed. The solution involves a best- fit method of finding parameters in a pre-set formula of particle size distribution. A comparison of results calculated with the algorithm from experimental lidar profiles with PMS data collected in Baltic Sea coastal zone is given.
Title: Effects of surface waves and sea bottom on self-shading of in-water optical instruments

Author: Piskozub Jacek

Journal: Proc. SPIE Vol. 2258, p. 300-308, Ocean Optics XII, Jules S. Jaffe; Ed.

Publication Date: 10/1994

Abstract:

Calculations of self-shading for an instrument measuring upward irradiance were conducted with a Monte-Carlo radiance transfer algorithm. The algorithm included Cox-Munk wave- slope probability function and simulation of diffusion on sea-bottom allowing incorporation of rough and/or shallow sea in the simulations. The effect of the self-shading phenomenon was calculated in the function of instrument radius, sea-water absorption, surface roughness (depending on assumed wind velocity up to 15 m/s) depth of the instrument, its height over bottom and bottom albedo (both diffusive and reflective one).
Title: A comparison of several measurement techniques used in BAEX'93 marine aerosol experiment

Author: Piskozub Jacek, Petelski Tomasz, Krol Tadeusz, Marks Roman, Chomka Maria

Journal: 19th CBO Proceedings, Part I, pp.36-42

Publication Date: 1994

Abstract:

During BAEX aerosol experiment (1993, 1994 and 1995 in Lubiatowo and off the coast on s/y Oceania) complex measurement of aerosol parameters were carried out. The experiments involved measurements of aerosol concentration with PMS (Classical Scattering Aerosol Spectrometer Probe) counter, impactors, horizontal sounding of the breaker zone with a multifrequency lidar and high volume air sampling. Both the PMS counter and lidar profiles made possible determining of aerosol particle size distributions. PMS counter gives much more accurate size distribution of aerosol particles, however lidar sounding gives spatial variability of its concentration along the sounding optical path. Comparison of the results obtained with the two instruments as well as impactors and high volume filters were carried out. The advantages of making simultaneous measurements with several systems with different basis of operation are discussed.
Title: Results of Lidar Based Investigations of Marine Aerosol Concentrations in the Coastal Zone of the Southern Baltic

Author: Zielinski Andrzej, Piskozub Jacek, Krol Tadeusz, Irczuk Miroslaw, Drozdowska Violetta

Journal: 19th CBO Proceedings, Part I, pp.64-75

Publication Date: 1994

Abstract:

This paper presents results of marine aerosol investigations which were carried out during the international experiment BAEX'93 in October 1993. The authors used the lidar system FLS-12 for investigation of marine aerosols in the air above the coastal zone in the Southern Baltic in Lubiatowo. Visible light in the following wavelengths: 445nm, 470nm and 665nm was used for measurements. The backscattered signals were registered under various meteorological conditions over a period of 7 days. Using lidar data, the size distribution functions and concentrations of marine aerosols were determined. Also, the influence of relative air humidity and air temperature as well as wind direction and velocity on the above mentioned parameters were described.
Title: Study of spatial distribution of marine aerosol over sea coast with a multifrequency lidar system

Author: Piskozub Jacek

Journal: Proc. SPIE Vol. 2471, p. 387-389, Atmospheric Propagation and Remote Sensing IV, J. Christopher Dainty; Ed.

Publication Date: 06/1995

Abstract:

Marine aerosol was studied with the excimer-dye laser multifrequency lidar of Institute of Oceanology in several sites on the Southern Baltic Polish coast. The aerosol was sounded from lidar located in a van a few hundred feet from the shore in different meteorological conditions. The soundings were performed at several angles to the horizon, starting from horizontal optical path. The backscattered signal collected at 2 - 4 wavelengths allowed for calculation of total aerosol concentration and estimation of its size-distribution every 20 feet of the optical paths at several heights over the sea surface. This allowed for 2D mapping of aerosol concentration over the wave-breaking zone and the shore. The 2D aerosol concentration maps obtained in the research will be useful for verification of models of mass and energy fluxes in the wave-breaking zone of coastal sea basins.
Title: Lidar studies of marine aerosol in the coastal zone

Authors: Zielinski Andrzej; Piskozub Jacek; Irczuk Miroslaw; Zielinski Tymon

Journal: Proc. SPIE Vol. 2471, p. 428-438, Atmospheric Propagation and Remote Sensing IV, J. Christopher Dainty; Ed.

Publication Date: 06/1995

Abstract:

This paper presents the results of lidar investigations of aerosol concentrations over the breaker zones. These investigationshave been carried out in the Institute of Oceanology PAS since 1992. The measurements were carried out under various weather conditions during several cruises aboard the y/s Oceania on the Baltic and during shore experiments from the Polish coast towards the Gulf of Gdansk as well as the open Baltic Sea. Simultaneous measurements with a PMS aerosol spectral probe and impactors were carried out during the experiments. The concentrations and size distribution functions of aerosols as well as vertical and horizontal gradients of aerosol concentration, mass fluxes and residence times were determined from backscattered lidar signals at various altitudes.
Title: Measurements of biologically optical parameters in Svalbard and Norwegian Sea regions

Authors: Piskozub Jacek; Hapter Ryszard

Journal:Nordic Seas Symposium Proc., Hamburg, pp. 161-164

Publication Date: 1995

Abstract:

Vertical profiles of light attenuation in several optical channels as well as of fluorescence were measured during expeditions of r/v Oceania to Norwegian and Barents Seas. The cruises took place during sumer months in the region north of Noreway up to Svalbard. The results from 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1991 are presented in the paper. Typical profiles and average ones for various basins are presented. Corelations between fluorescence and attenuation at various wavelengths are calculated. The results suggest strong regional and interannual variability. The best was achieved at 665 nm.
Title: Oil Content in the Baltic Sea Water and Possibilities of Detection and Identification by the Lidar Method

Authors: Piskozub Jacek; Otremba Zbigniew, Drozdowska Violetta, Krol Tadeusz, Stelmaszewski Adam

Journal: Proceedings of Baltic Marine Science Conference, Rønne (Borholm island), Denmark, 22-26 October 1996. ICES Cooperative Research report No. 257., pp. 244-247.

Publication Date: 2003

Abstract:

Measurements aimed at detecting and identification of oil derivatives on the sea-surface in the Baltic Sea were conducted during six cruises of r/v Oceania (2 in each of 1994, 1995 and 1996). In every cruise lidar measurements of water fluorescence were performed and water samples at several geographic positions. The water samples were examined with an laboratory fluorescence technique. Discussion of the preliminary results is provided. The results show that there is a possibility of real-time detection of even minute amounts of oil derivatives on the sea-surface.
Title: A lidar system for remote measurements of oil film thickness on sea surface

Authors: Piskozub Jacek; Drozdowska Violetta, Varlamov Viktor

Journal: Proce Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Remote Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments. Technology and Applications, ERIM, p. I-386.

Publication Date: 1997

Abstract:

A new lidar system FLS-UV designed for measurement of oil film thickness is described. The system consisting of solid state 299 nm laser and a multichannel spectral receiver was produced by LDI Ltd, Tallinn Estonia in close collaboration with Laser Laboratory of Institute of Oceanology, Sopot, Poland. The system is able to measure oil film thickness in the range of 0.5 - 10 micrometers. It utilizes two methods: light absorption of Raman band in UV and measurement of fluorescence band intensity. The system is designed for continuous measurement from ship or low altitude aircraft. Technical description of the system as well as first experimental results are presented.
Title: A water Raman extinction lidar system for detecting thin oil spills: preliminary results of fields tests

Authors: Piskozub Jacek; Drozdowska Violetta, Irczuk Miroslaw

Journal: Oceanologia 40 (1), pp. 3-10

Publication Date: 1998

Abstract:

A new lidar system FLS-UV using the extinction of laser-induced water Raman signal for detecting of thin oil slicks. The system uses a solid state laser with frequency multiplication and an array of photomultipliers to measure oil film thickness in the range of 0.5 - 10 micrometers. The system was tested in two cruises of R/V Oceania in South Baltic in May and September 1997. Technical description of the system as well as the first experimental results are presented and the system possibilities and limitations are discussed.
Title: Asyptotic light field in the presence of a bubble-layer

Authors: Flatau Piotr J., Piskozub Jacek; Zaneveld J. Ronald V.

Journal: Optics Express 5,5 p. 120

Publication Date: 1999

Abstract:

We report that the submerged microbubbles are an efficient source of diffuse radiance and may contribute to a rapid transition to the diffuse asymptotic regime. In this asymptotic regime an average cosine is easily predictable and measurable.
Title: Aerosol optical thickness over the coastal area of the southern Baltic Sea

Authors: Zielinski Tymon; Zielinski Andrzej; Piskozub Jacek; Drozdowska Violetta; Irczuk Miroslaw.

Journal: Optica Applicata 29 (4) pp. 439-447

Publication Date: 1999

Abstract:

The aerosol component of extinction in the marine boundary layer over coastal areas can be determined by using the lidar method and through the application of the Mie's theory to derive the aerosol concentration and size distribution. This can be done for the various meteorological conditions and at various altitudes above the sea surface.
Title: Self-shading of upwelling irradiance for an instrument with sensors on a sidearm

Authors: Piskozub Jacek; Weeks Alison R.; Schwarz Jill N.; Robinson Ian S.

Journal: Applied Optics 39 (12) pp. 1872-1878

Publication Date: 20 April 2000

Abstract:

The self-shading measurement error of the upwelling irradiance that is due to the presence of the instrument housing of an optical spectrometer with the irradiance meter located on a sidearm was calculated with a Monte Carlo code. The dependence of the effect on the instrument dimensions, the values of real optical parameters, sea-surface roughness, and Sun zenith angle were all studied to estimate maximum errors for two possible configurations of a proposed new marine spectrophotometer.
Title: Regional oceanographic database as a modern sea reaserch tool

Authors: Piskozub Jacek; Porazinski Krzysztof, Sagan Slawomir, Walczowski Waldemar, Wichorowski Marcin, Wyrwinski Jacek

Journal: TASK Quarterly 4 (1) pp. 127-136

Publication Date: 2000

Abstract:

Based on the experience acquired from working on the Regional Oceanographical Database at the IOPAS in Sopot a general view of database as a tool for supporting scientific reasearch was presented. Article describes general structure, data flow and techniques of using the ROD.
Title: Monte Carlo study of the scattering error of a quartz reflective absorption tube

Authors: Piskozub Jacek; Flatau Piotr J.; Zaneveld J.Ronald V.

Journal: Journal of Oceanic and Atmospheric Technology, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 438-445

Publication Date: 2001

Abstract:

A Monte Carlo model was used to study the scattering error of an absorption meter with divergent light beam and limited acceptance angle of the receiver. Reflections at both ends of the tube were taken into account. Calculations of the effect of varying optical properties of water as well as the receiver geometry were performed. A weighting function showing quantitatively the scattering error as a function of angle was introduced. Some cases of practical interest are discussed.
Title: Influence of instrument casing shape on self-shading of in-water radiation

Authors: Piskozub Jacek

Journal: proceedings of Ocean Optics XIV, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, USA
Publication Date: 1998

Abstract:

The self-shading measurement error of the upwelling irradiance due to the presence of the volume of the typical cylindrical housing of an optical instrument was calculated with a Monte-Carlo code as the function of the housing dimensions and of the optical parameters of the sea-water. The resulting values were compared to the self-shading error for a flat disk of the same diameter, originally used to establish self-shading error estimations universally used in marine optics. The results show that the self-shading of upwelling irradiance is underestimated by up to 20% producing a significant underestimation the measured upwelling irradiance, and therefore reflectance, especially in turbid waters.
Title: Optical extinction in the marine boundary layer measured by lidar

Authors: Zielinski Tymon, Piskozub Jacek; Zielinski Andrzej

Journal: proceedings of Ocean Optics XIV, Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, USA
Publication Date: 1998

Abstract:

This paper presents the results of research, which started in 1992, and has been dedicated to determination of aerosol dynamics in the marine boundary layer under various hydrometeorological conditions by means of the lidar method. By employing several wavelengths the lidar obtained optical extinction gives very accurate information about the size distribution of aerosols as well as their concentrations under various weather conditions and at different altitudes above the sea surface. It was revealed that in the marine boundary layer over the breaker zones of the southern Baltic Sea optical extinction depends on the method of calculation and wind direction as well as altitude above the sea. The results provided valuable inputs for investigations of the physical processes, as well as an important data set to use for development of modeling of aerosol type and its dynamics in the coastal areas of the Southern Baltic Sea.
Title: The use of scattering error in absorption measurement for estimating the scattering phase function of marine phytoplankton

Authors: Piskozub, Jacek; Stramski, Dariusz

Journal: presented at Ocean Optics XIV, Monte Carlo, Monaco, 16-20 October 2000
Publication Date: 2000

Abstract:

We present an approach to estimate the scattering phase function of marine phytoplankton which combines measurements of absorption and 3-D Monte Carlo simulations of the associated scattering error. The absorption measurements were made on suspensions of phytoplankton cells with a double-beam spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere. The Monte Carlo model was used to determine the weighting function that describes the angular distribution of photon losses due to scattering, which is dependent solely on the geometry of the measurement. Our approach takes the advantage of the fact that phytoplankton absorption in the near infrared is negligible, so the measured values within that spectral region represent the scattering error only. Assuming that the phase function can be approximated by the Henyey-Greenstein formula, we find the asymmetry coefficient of that function, which provides the best match between the measured and calculated scattering error. We illustrate the results for two species of phytoplankton, a cyanobacterium Synechococcus and a diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. The estimated Henyey-Greenstein functions show significantly higher values of backscattering ratio than those obtained from Mie theory for homogeneous spheres.
Title: An optical technique for remote sensing of near-surface turbulence

Authors: Bogucki, Darek J.; Piskozub, Jacek; Stramski, Dariusz

Journal: presented at Ocean Optics XIV, Monte Carlo, Monaco, 16-20 October 2000
Publication Date: 2000

Abstract:

Measurements of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates (TKE) or temperature dissipation rates of the near-surface boundary layer are needed to understand air-sea exchange processes and rates. The capability to accurately estimate these variables by means of a remote technique is relevant to a number of questions ranging from the air-sea transfer of heat and gas to the fate of pollutants. The intermittent and variable nature of processes governing TKE or temperature dissipation require both high frequency and good spatial coverage of near-surface energetics. The large dynamic range of the active air-sea boundary presents difficulties to in situ measurement. At present, no technique provides a capability to directly measure the energetics of the near-surface oceanic layer. We propose a non-invasive method based on optical remote sensing to quantify the energetics in the immediate vicinity of the air-sea boundary. Our optical method is based on the near-forward light scattering within a turbulent flow field. It permits the quantification of the energy and temperature dissipation rates. The Monte Carlo simulations of radiative transfer show that the method will be insensitive to the state of the ocean surface, that is it can perform well at low and high wind speeds.
Title: "The modification of light flux leaving a wind-roughened, oil covered sea surface: example of computations for shallow seas"

Authors: Otremba Zbigniew; Piskozub, Jacek

Journal: Oceanological Studies, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 117-133
Publication Date: 2001

Abstract:

This paper presents chosen results of modelling of upward light flux over a rough sea surface covered with an oil film. In upward irradiance computations (by means of Monte Carlo method), the optical parameters of two types of water were taken into consideration: water typical for bays of the Baltic Sea (Case 2 water) and ocean (Case 1) waters, both covered with an oil layer 5 *m thick (Romashkino). Coefficients of reflectance and transmission for the oil film were used for the calculations. These were obtained through the mathematical simulation of the route of light rays, both upward and downward, through the oil film. The obtained results show that oil films influence upward light fluxes over the sea surface, and that this influence depends on the depth and roughness of the sea. The analyses of oil film visibility on sea surfaces revealed also the influence of the direction of observation.
Title: "Modelling of the optical contrast of an oil film on a sea surface"

Authors: Otremba, Zbigniew; Piskozub, Jacek

Journal: Optics Express, 9, pp. 411-416
Publication Date: 2001

Abstract:

The water-leaving radiance field above a sea surface polluted by an oil film has been modelled using a Monte Carlo radiative transfer technique with large numbers of photons incident at a selected zenith angle. The calculated radiance was recorded for each of the 240 sectors of equal solid angle the upper hemisphere had been divided into. The results are presented in the form of a bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) and as a contrast function parameterised by observation angle for various angles of incident sunlight and for various states of the sea surface roughness. The conditions for observing maximal and minimal contrast are described.
Title: "The results of Polish oceanographic investigations focused on interannual variability of the Greenland Sea energoactive zones "

Authors: Czeslaw Druet, Czeslaw Garbalewski, Ryszard Hapter, Andrzej Jankowski, Slawomir Kwasniewski, Maciej Muzalewski, Jacek Piskozub, Jan Piechura, Tomasz Petelski, Pawel Schlichtholz, Jozef Wiktor, Ryszard Siwecki, Slawomir Swerpel, Jan Marcin Weslawski, Andrzej Zielinski, Waldemar Stepko

Journal: Studia i Materialy Oceanologiczne, no. 65, Polar Marine Research (2), pp. 3-223
Publication Date: 1993

Abstract:

In the years the years 1987 - 1989 the Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences in Sopot accomplished oceanographical investigations in the energoactive zones of the Northern Atlantic within the ,,Greeland Sea Project''. The aim of the Polish part of the project was to examine the intermonthly and interannual variability of hydrophysical fields and the dynamics of the near - surface atmospheric layer in the selected regions of the ocean, in order to determine the role of these factors in the formation of climatic anomalies of the ocean - atmosphere interaction during summer months: July and August. The main research region were the confluence zone of the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. The 3 - year program of meteorological, hydrological and biological empirical investigations accomplished onboard the research vessel 'Oceania'. This paper is a presentation of aero- and hydrophysical characteristics obtained from the technical processing of empirical data, whose analysis made it possible to reveal a number of features characterizing the intermonthly and interannual variability of aero- and hydrophysical fields in the regions examined, as well as the causal nexus of hydrological and hydrobiological anomalies. This paper is not a final synthesis. The empirical data and analytical results presented herein can be used for futher investigations.
Title: 3-D radiative transfer modeling of the effect of bubble clouds on remote-sensing reflectance

Authors: Jacek Piskozub, Dariusz Stramski, Eric Terrill, W. Kendall Melville

Journal: presented at Ocean Optics XIV, Monte Carlo, Monaco, 16-20 October 2000
Publication Date: 2002

Abstract:

We examined the effect of bubble clouds on remote-sensing reflectance with a 3-D Monte Carlo model of radiative transfer. The geometry of bubble clouds and the concentration and size distribution of bubbles were defined based on acoustical measurements of bubbles in the surface ocean. The light scattering properties of bubble clouds for various void fractions were calculated using Mie theory. We show how the spatial pattern, magnitude, and spectral behavior of remote-sensing reflectance produced by a bubble cloud is changing due to variations in the geometric and optical properties of the bubble cloud and background optical properties of ambient water. For various values of the inherent optical properties of water, we also determined the minimum size of bubble cloud, above which the water-leaving light field can be reasonably well estimated from a 1-D radiative transfer model with a plane-parallel geometry.
Title: "Modeling the remotely sensed optical contrast caused by oil suspended in the sea water column"

Authors: Otremba, Zbigniew; Piskozub, Jacek

Journal: Optics Express 11, 2-6
Publication Date: 2003

Abstract:

The reflectance of the sea area polluted by oil-in-water emulsion has been modelled using radiance transfer Monte Carlo code. Example results of contrast function parameterised by observation angle for various angles of incident sunlight, for various states of the sea surface roughness and for two optically different types of seawaters are presented.
Title: "Estimation of scattering error in spectrophotometric measurements of absorption by aquatic particles from 3-D radiative transfer simulations"

Authors: Stramski, Dariusz; Piskozub, Jacek

Journal: Applied Optics-LP, Volume 42, Issue 18, 3634-3646
Publication Date: 2003

Abstract:

We present an approach to estimate the scattering error in spectrophotometric measurements of absorption by aquatic particles, which is based on 3-D Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations of measurement geometry. Our specific measurement geometry involves a light beam incident on a 1-cm cuvette with particle suspension, which is placed in front of the entrance to the integrating sphere of a typical laboratory spectrophotometer. From the Monte Carlo simulations we determined the weighting function, W(ψ), that describes the angular distribution of photon losses due to scattering on suspended particles. This function is dependent solely on the measurement geometry and does not depend on the optical properties of the sample. The scattering error is estimated by combining W(ψ) with the volume scattering (or scattering phase) function of particles. We applied this scattering correction method to absorption measurements that were made on two species of marine phytoplankton, a diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana and a cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Assuming that the scattering phase function is described by the Henyey-Greenstein formula, we determined the values of backscattering ratio (i.e., the ratio of backscattering to total scattering coefficient of particles), which yield the best correction at light wavelength of 750 nm (i.e., null absorption). The estimated values of backscattering ratio for both phytoplankton species are significantly (4- to 10-fold) higher than previously reported data that involved Mie scattering calculations for homogeneous spheres. We also found that, depending on the type of particles, the corrected absorption spectra obtained with our fairly rigorous method may be similar or significantly different than the spectra obtained with the commonly used, simple null point correction based on wavelength-independent scattering error.
Title: "Modelling the reflectance of sea areas polluted with oil emulsion"

Authors: Otremba, Zbigniew; Piskozub, Jacek; Krol, Tadeusz

Journal: Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 12 (9), pp. 1109-1113.
Publication Date: 2003

Abstract:

This paper presents the modeling of the radiance reflectance in sea areas polluted with dispersed oil. Two modeling stages are described. The first is the application of the Mie theory to determine the inherent optical properties of oil-in-seawater emulsions. The second is the Monte Carlo code to simulate radiance transfer to determine reflectance with various oil concentrations under various light and wind conditions. The resultant reflectance values contribute to the validation of remote sensing algorithms and the detection of oil spills. The optical visibility of polluted sea areas is discussed.
Title: "Effect of ship shadow on in-water irradiance measurements"

Author: Piskozub, Jacek

Journal: Oceanologia 46(1), pp. 103-112
Publication Date: 2004

Abstract:

Calculations of effect of ship shadow on in-water irradiance measurement error were performed with a Monte-Carlo radiance transfer algorithm. The algorithm included Cox-Munk wave-slope probability function. A simple 3-D model of rectangular underwater part of black ship was used. The effect was calculated as a function of sea-water absorption, surface roughness (depending on assumed wind velocity up to 15 m/s) with various wind velocity and direction values, length and depth of the ship, distance of instrument from ship as well as bow-to sun angle.
Title: "Modelling the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of seawater polluted by an oil film"

Authors: Otremba, Zbigniew; Piskozub, Jacek

Journal: Optics Express 12, 1671-1676
Publication Date: 2004

Abstract:

The Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of both clean seawaters and those polluted with oil film was determined using the Monte Carlo radiative transfer technique in which the spectrum of complex refractive index of Romashkino crude oil and the optical properties of case II water for chosen wavelengths was considered. The BRDF values were recorded for 1836 solid angular sectors of throughout the upper hemisphere. The visibility of areas polluted with oil observed from various directions and for various wavelengths is discussed.
Title: "Fluorescence characteristics of the upper water layer of the Arctic Seas based on lidar, spectrophotometric and optical methods"

Authors: Violetta Drozdowska, Waldemar Walczowski, Ryszard Hapter, Joanna Stoń, Mirosław Irczuk, Tymon Zieliński and Jacek Piskozub

Journal: EARSeL eProceedings 3(1), 136-142
Publication Date: 2004

Abstract:

Lidar and optical data combined with the ground-truth measurements from a great number of stations spread across Greenland and the Norwegian Seas yield a large database partly presented and analysed herein. The intensities of the emission bands of the lidar-induced water spectrum, the diffuse attenuation coefficients, and the surface concentration of chlorophyll a are used to describe the spatial distribution of the fluorescent molecules in the upper water layer. The characteristics of vertical profiles of the chlorophyll a content are given as well.
A comparison between lidar estimations of chlorophyll a content and extracted chlorophyll a from water sampling, and hydro-physical parameters of water is presented.
Title: "Phase functions of oil-in-water emulsions"

Authors: Otremba, Zbigniew; Piskozub, Jacek

Journal: Optica Applicata 34 (1) pp. 93-99
Publication Date: 2004

Abstract:

This paper presents the modelling of optical phase function (PF) of water polluted by dispersed oil. The shapes of PFs for various oil droplet size distributions and for two optically extremely different oil types are shown for various wavelengths from 350 to 750 nm. It is proved that changes of optical properties of oil (the complex refractive index) play minor role in PF shaping towards the impact of wavelength and size distribution. Water with oil emulsion has a PF significantly different from that of natural ocean water or harbour turbid water.
Title: "Influence of forward and multiple light scatter on the measurement of beam attenuation in highly scattering marine environments"

Authors: Jacek Piskozub, Dariusz Stramski, Eric Terrill, W. Kendall Melville

Journal: Applied Optics 43 (24) pp. 4723-4731
Publication Date: 2004
Abstract:

Using three-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations, we examine the effect of beam transmissometer geometry on the relative error of the measurement of beam attenuation coefficient in an aquatic environment characterized by intense light scattering, especially within submerged bubble clouds entrained by surface-wave breaking. We discuss the forward scattering error associated with the detection of photons scattered at small angles (< 1 deg) and the multiple scattering error associated with the detection of photons scattered more than once along the pathlength of the instrument. Several scattering phase functions describing bubble clouds at different bubble void fractions in the water are considered. Due to the forward scattering error, the beam transmissometer with a half-angle of receiver acceptance of 1.0 deg and a pathlength of 0.1 m, can underestimate the true beam attenuation within the bubble cloud by over 50%. For the bubble clouds with a beam attenuation of up to 100 m^-1, the multiple scattering error is no more than a few percent. These results are compared with simulations for some example phase functions that are representative of other scattering regimes found in natural waters. The forward scattering error for the Petzold phase function of turbid waters is 16% for a typical instrument geometry, while for the Henyey-Greenstein functions with the asymmetry parameter between 0.7 and 0.9, the error range is 8 - 28%.
Title: "Effect of 3-D instrument casing shape on the self-shading of in-water upwelling irradiance"

Authors: Jacek Piskozub

Journal: Optics Express 12, 3144-3148
Publication Date: 2004
Abstract:

The self-shading measurement error of the upwelling irradiance caused by the presence of a typical cylindrical housing of an optical instrument was calculated with the 3-D Monte-Carlo code as a function of the housing dimensions and of the optical parameters of seawater. The resulting values were compared to the self-shading error for a flat disk of the same diameter, originally used to establish self-shading error estimations universally used in marine optics. The results show that the self-shading of upwelling irradiance is underestimated by up to 25% producing a significant underestimation of the measured upwelling irradiance, and therefore reflectance, especially in turbid waters.
Title: "Light scattering by double spheres"

Authors: Tadeusz Król, Jacek Piskozub

Journal: Studia i Materialy Oceanograficzne, 53, Marine Physics (56), pp. 79-95
Publication Date: 1991
Abstract:

The paper presents a method of indicatrix calculation far a spherical particle containing another spherical particle concentrically inside. Examples of light scattering indicatrice calculated using the described method have been also presented.
Title: "Lidar w badaniach aerozolu morskiego"

Authors: Jacek Piskozub

Journal: Studia i Materialy Oceanologiczne, no. 53, Fizyka Morza (5), pp. 5-22
Publication Date: 1998
Abstract:

English translation of title and abstract:

MULTIFREQUENCY LIDAR IN INVESTIGATION OF MARINE AEROSOL

The paper is a study od multifreqency lidar application in the case of aerosol particles containing kernels of different optical properties (coated spheres). A solution algorithm is presented and its applicability is discussed.
Title: "Analiza możliwości zastosowania lidaru wieloczęstościowego do badania aerozolu morskiego - rozwiązanie problemu odwrotnego"

Authors: Jacek Piskozub

Journal: Studia i Materialy Oceanologiczne, no. 49, Fizyka Morza (4), pp. 5-24
Publication Date: 1986
Abstract:

English translation of title and abstract:

ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE APPLICATION OF MULTIFREQUENCY LIDAR TO THE INVESTIGATIONS OF MARINE AEROSOL - SOLUTION OF INVERSE PROBLEM

This paper presents the theory of inverse problem of multifrequency lidar as well as the possible applications in the investgations or marine aerosol. The presented algorithm for solving the inverse problem is given together with computed results of simulated calculations which present the possibility of the algorithm application in retrieving the size distribution of the aerosol particles.
Title: "Determining the Effect of Wavelength Dependent Scattering Phase Functions on In-situ IOP Measurements and Modelling Underwater Radiance Transfer"

Authors: David McKee, Alex Cunningham & Jacek Piskozub

Presented at: 8th International Conference for Marine and Coastal Environments in Halifax, Canada, May 17-19 2005.
Publication Date: 2005
Abstract:

Measurements of backscattering ratio from the Irish Sea reveal variable degrees of wavelength dependence in the scattering phase function, with backscattering ratios at blue wavelengths being generally greater (up to x3) than in the red. The standard scattering correction procedure for reflecting tube (AC-9) absorption measurements assumes wavelength independence for the scattering phase function. It has been shown that this can result in over estimation of blue absorption by as much as 50%. An alternative scattering correction procedure, incorporating the results of 3-D Monte Carlo modelling of the AC-9 instrument, has been presented. This alternative scattering correction procedure has been shown to reduce the scattering error in absorption measurements. It was be shown that radiance transfer simulations of downwards irradiance and upwards radiance are significantly improved using IOPs derived with the alternative scattering correction procedure.
Title: "Sea spray emission from the surface of the open Baltic Sea"

Authors: Tomasz Petelski, Jacek Piskozub, Barbara Paplinska-Swerpel

Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, C10023, doi:10.1029/2004JC002800
Publication Date: 2005
Abstract:

Vertical aerosol flux values collected in the marine atmospheric boundary layer during Baltic cruises of the R/V Oceania have been analyzed. It has been determined that the aerosol emission from the sea surface in the open Baltic is proportional to the average energy dissipation rate raised to the 2/3 power. A similar relationship has been derived using dimensional analysis and a simple model of aerosol emission. It has been demonstrated that aerosol emission from the open Baltic may be parameterized using significant wave height and wind velocity.
Title: "Studies of Aerosols in The Marine Boundary Layer in the Coastal Area During The EOPACE'99 Campaign"

Authors: Tymon Zieliński, Jacek Piskozub

Journal: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 116 (3), pp. 533 - 541
Publication Date: 2005
Abstract:

Results are presented based on measurements taken using an FLS-12 lidar system and laser particle counters only on the Atlantic coast of the U.S.A. during a campaign within the scope of the international EOPACE experiment. The objectives of the EOPACE (Electro-optical Propagation Assessment in Coastal Environments) effort, which was conducted in Duck, N.C. (U.S.A.) between 25 February and 11 March 1999, involved investigating, developing and evaluating ocean and coastal aerosol models and their effects on visibility; integrating and developing simple, realistic models for infrared propagation near the ocean surface and developing a consistent chemical/optical model for aerosol particles suitable for inclusion in navy meteorological models.
Title: "Polarized phase functions for chosen suspensions in seawater"

Authors: Zbigniew Otremba & Jacek Piskozub

Presented at: 3rd International Conference "Current Problems in Optics of Natural Waters" (ONW'2005) in St. Petersburg, Russia, September 12-16 2005.
Publication Date: 2005
Abstract:

Results of modeling of polarized phase functions (PPFs) in both natural seawaters, polluted by oil-in-water emulsion and saturated by air bubbles, are presented. Differences in shapes of PPFs for various size distributions of oil droplets and air bubbles are shown for central region of the light spectrum.
Title: "Vertical coarse aerosol fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer over the North Polar Waters of the Atlantic"

Authors: Tomasz Petelski, Jacek Piskozub

Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, C06039, doi:10.1029/2005JC003295
Publication Date: 2006
Abstract:

Sea spray emission fluxes were calculated on the basis of vertical gradients of the aerosol concentration data collected with a laser particle counter during four polar scientific cruises carried out in the summers of 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003. The calculated flux values are the first obtained with a gradient method from data measured on the open ocean; such a method has a much better physical basis than any involving calculating fluxes from concentrations measured at one level only. The sea spray generation function we obtained was compared with other functions from the literature. We show that most literature sea spray generation functions are underestimated for the 1-8 μm radius range, some of them by a factor of 6.
Title: "If reflectance is the answer; what´s the question? Remote sensing of wave breaking phenomena."

Authors: Jacek Piskozub & Ludomir Wozniak

Presented at: Baltic Sea Science Conference 2007, CBO session, Topic C: "Physics of waves and interfaces" (BSSC 2007) in Rostock, Germany, March 19-23, 2007.
Publication Date: 2007
Abstract:

Remote sensing of air-sea interaction phenomena is still a developing field. Especially "air-sea interaction" correction (distinguishing the effect of breaking waves from water leaving radiance signal used to retrieve the sea waer properties) is still a problem. Optical remote sensing of sea water uses reflectance its its main tool. It is well known that reflectance is proportional to back scattering divided by absorption of the sea water. Usually both these inherent optical parameters (IOPs) are considered constant in the optically important surface layers of the sea. Such an assumption is impossible in the presence of bubble clouds and whitecapping generated by breaking waves. In such cases, a depth weighting function is used in order to relate the IOPs profile to the remotely measured reflectance values. The usual practice is to choose as the IOP depth weighting the doubled transmission to the given depth (a measure of how much light returns to the sea surface). Recently, this approach has been shown to be wrong in the general case of vertically non-homogeneous sea. An especially good counter example is a highly scattering layer such as a submerged bubble cloud: weakly scattering water over the bubble layer has by definition higher values of the weighting function in the traditional approach than the highly scattering cloud below (transmission is a decreasing function of depth). The right approach is to use instead of transmission its first derivative. In this study, we used both the approaches to calculate spectral remote sense reflectance over a submerged bubble cloud and compared the results with the modelling result generated by a radiative transfer solving Monte Carlo code. Our results show that the traditional method of IOPs weighting is inadequate in the presence of bubble clouds making all kind of "ground truth" comparisons done in such conditions deeply flawed unless the first derivative of transmission is used as the weighting function.
Title: "Improved method of Fournier-Forand marine phase function parameterization"

Authors: Włodzimierz Freda & Jacek Piskozub

Journal: Optics Express 15, 12763-12768
Publication Date: 2007
Abstract:

Volume scattering functions (VSFs) and other optical seawater parameters were measured during a cruise in the Southern Baltic. Phase functions (PFs) calculated from VSFs were compared with Fournier-Forand phase functions parameterized with backscattering ratios. Due to significant divergences between experimental and modeled data a new method of Fournier-Forand phase function parameterization is proposed.
Title: "Monte Carlo simulation of propagation of a short light beam through turbulent oceanic flow"

Authors: D. J. Bogucki, J. Piskozub, M.-E. Carr, and G. D. Spiers

Journal: Optics Express 15, 13988-13996
Publication Date: 2007
Abstract:

We use Monte Carlo time-dependent simulations of light pulse propagation through turbulent water laden with particles to investigate the application of Multiple Field Of View (MFOV) lidar to detect and characterize oceanic turbulence. Inhomogeneities in the refractive index induced by temperature fluctuations in turbulent ocean flows scatter light in near-forward angles, thus affecting the near-forward part of oceanic water scattering phase function. Our results show that the oceanic turbulent signal can be detected by analyzing the returns from a MFOV lidar, after re-scaling the particulate back scattering phase function.
Title: "Reply to comment by Edgar L Andreas on 'Vertical coarse aerosol fluxes in the atmospheric surface layer over the North Polar Waters of the Atlantic'"

Authors: Tomasz Petelski, Jacek Piskozub

Journal: Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, C11011, doi:10.1029/2007JC004399
Publication Date: 2007
Abstract:

[No abstract]
Title: "Ocean color remote sensing: choosing the correct depth weighting function"

Authors: J. Piskozub, T. Neumann, and L. Wozniak

Journal: Optics Express 16, 14683-14688
Publication Date: 2008
Abstract:

Values of reflectance and remote sensing reflectance are proportional to the ratio of sea water backscattering to absorption. However, in vertically non-homogeneous waters, this fraction needs to be depth weighted. The usual practice uses normalized vertical transmittance profiles as the weighting function. Recently, it was shown that the correct approach is to use, instead of transmittance, its first derivative. We used both approaches to calculate spectral reflectance and remote sensing reflectance over a submerged bubble cloud and chlorophyll rich layer and compared the results with a radiative transfer Monte Carlo code. We also compared several methods of approximating diffuse attenuation (not measured directly) to estimate the effect on calculating reflectance. Our results show that the traditional method of IOP weighting is inadequate in the presence of bubble clouds and/or chlorophyll rich layers. This is relevant for both "ground truth" studies and inverse methods of remote sensing (including lidar ones) for vertically inhomogeneous ocean sea waters.
Title: "Scattering error corrections for in situ absorption and attenuation measurements"

Authors: D. McKee, J. Piskozub and I. Brown

Journal: Optics Express 16, 19480-19492
Publication Date: 2008
Abstract:

Monte Carlo simulations are used to establish a weighting function that describes the collection of angular scattering for the WETLabs AC-9 reflecting tube absorption meter. The equivalent weighting function for the AC-9 attenuation sensor is found to be well approximated by a binary step function with photons scattered between zero and the collection half-width angle contributing to the scattering error and photons scattered at larger angles making zero contribution. A new scattering error correction procedure is developed that accounts for scattering collection artifacts in both absorption and attenuation measurements. The new correction method does not assume zero absorption in the near infrared (NIR), does not assume a wavelength independent scattering phase function, but does require simultaneous measurements of spectrally matched particulate backscattering. The new method is based on an iterative approach that assumes that the scattering phase function can be adequately modeled from estimates of particulate backscattering ratio and Fournier-Forand phase functions. It is applied to sets of in situ data representative of clear ocean water, moderately turbid coastal water and highly turbid coastal water. Initial results suggest significantly higher levels of attenuation and absorption than those obtained using previously published scattering error correction procedures. Scattering signals from each correction procedure have similar magnitudes but significant differences in spectral distribution are observed.
Title: "Polarized phase functions in oil-in-water emulsion"

Authors: Z. Otremba, J. Piskozub

Journal: Optica Applicata 39 (1) 129-133
Publication Date: 2009
Abstract:

Results of modeling of polarized phase functions (PPFs) in water polluted by oil-in-water emulsion are presented. The shapes of PPFs for various oil droplets size distributions and for two optically different oil types are shown for various wavelengths in the visible region. It is revealed that PPFs for two perpendicular planes are different for angles greater than 50° (with even 2-fold difference close to 90°). Shapes of PPFs depend on the type of oil and on wavelength; oil droplets size distribution plays a minor role only.
Title: "Small-scale effects of underwater bubble clouds on ocean reflectance: 3-D modeling results"

Authors: J. Piskozub, D. Stramski, E. Terrill and W.K. Melville

Journal: Optics Express 17, 11747-11752
Publication Date: 2009
Abstract:

We examined the effect of individual bubble clouds on remote-sensing reflectance of the ocean with a 3-D Monte Carlo model of radiative transfer. The concentrations and size distribution of bubbles were defined based on acoustical measurements of bubbles in the surface ocean. The light scattering properties of bubbles for various void fractions were calculated using Mie scattering theory. We show how the spatial pattern, magnitude, and spectral behavior of remote-sensing reflectance produced by modeled bubble clouds change due to variations in their geometric and optical properties as well as the background optical properties of the ambient water. We also determined that for realistic sizes of bubble clouds, a plane-parallel horizontally homogeneous geometry (1-D radiative transfer model) is inadequate for modeling water-leaving radiance above the cloud.
Title: "Laboratory measurements of light beam depolarization on turbulent convective flow"

Authors: Sarah Woods, Jacek Piskozub, Wlodzimierz Freda, Miroslaw Jonasz, and Darek Bogucki

Journal: Applied Optics, 49, 18, 3545-3551
Publication Date: 2010
Abstract:

Laboratory measurements of light beam depolarization by a turbulent flow, corresponding to oceanic turbulence within the oceanic mixed layer, show that the depolarization rate (1×10^-5 m^-1 to 3×10^-3 m^-1) correlates with turbulence strength and is consistent with polarized lidar observations [Opt. Express, 16, 1196 (2008)OPEXFF1094-408710.1364/OE.16.001196]. These results imply that one should be able to characterize oceanic turbulence with polarimetric oceanic lidar measurements.
Title: "Effective scattering phase functions for the multiple scattering regime"

Authors: Jacek Piskozub, David McKee

Journal: Optics Express, 19, 5, 4786-4794
Publication Date: 2011
Abstract:

The propagation of light through turbid media is of fundamental interest in a number of areas of optical science including atmospheric and oceanographic science, astrophysics and medicine amongst many others. The angular distribution of photons after a single scattering event is determined by the scattering phase function of the material the light is passing through. However, in many instances photons experience multiple scattering events and there is currently no equivalent function to describe the resulting angular distribution of photons. Here we present simple analytic formulas that describe the angular distribution of photons after multiple scattering events, based only on knowledge of the single scattering albedo and the single scattering phase function.

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Jacek Piskozub <piskozub@iopan.gda.pl>, Last updated: March 2, 2011